نشریه پژوهشهای روان شناختی
سال هفتم شماره 3 (زمستان 1383)

The present research investigates the existence of verbal aggression and its causes in Tehran middle schools. Subjects consist of 498 students (boys and girls) from Tehran educational districts. Research findings highlight the fact that there exits verbal aggression not only between students but also between teachers, non-teaching staff and students. There is a significant difference between boys and girls: boys being more aggressive than girls. The most important factors causing the verbal aggression of students is seen by them as their individual characteristics, the school failure and excessive amount of homework. The students see the cause of teachers verbal aggression as being the teacher’s characteristics and the crowded and negative atmosphere of the classroom. Boys express their anger more by verbal and physical aggression than girls

The Purpose of this research is to study the effect of cultural and social conditions on the development of prosocial reasoning. Subjects were 330, 5-15 year – old children and adolescents who were randomly selected from Tehran schools. One of the Eisenberg stories was administered. The results of the study showed the quality of prosocial reasoning in each stage differs from the previous stages. The pattern of prosocial reasoning development was approximately congruent with Eisenberg’s pattern.

The purpose of this study has been to replicate Meacham’s transactional model (Meacham, 1977) and explore the intergroup attitudes of two groups of Americans and Iranians. The model predicts that attitudes, memories, and socio-cultural backgrounds of the rememberer transact at the time of remembering past events, i.e. the three influence each other continuously, simul-taneously, and reciprocally. Individuals’ socio-cultural experiences are accompanied by their attitudes and memories of past events, and any changes in one affect the other. To test this transactional model, two groups of American and Iranian students (n=n=28) were selected and their attitudes toward six subjects measured. A week later, the two groups partici-pated in a remembering activity and subse-quently had their attitudes remeasured to see the effect of the remembering activity on attitudes. The six attitudinal subjects both pre- and post-test consisted of people and governments of Iran, Sweden, and the United States. The remembering activity had two parts: First the participants were asked to recall the story of American hostages in Iran, and then identify different dimensions of a set of given statement as they recognized them. The set of statements reported the event in its totality with each statement having four different dimensions of “act”, “actor”, “time”, and “reason”. The data were analyzed in a 2 x4 ANOVA. Although the findings did not support the transactional model(Ibid), it did reveal some significant differences between the two groups in remembering and attitudes.

The Combat Exposure Scale (CES) as a self – report instrument was constructed by Keane et al. (1989) to assess the degree of wartime stressors experienced by combatants and veterans. The authors of this scale claimed that it possesses sound psychometric properties as compared to other relevant tests. The present study also examined and reconfirmed these characteristics in an Iranian war veterans sample. As evidenced by this and other studies, the amount of combat exposure was significantly correlated with severity of PTSD symptoms. The CES can be used as a “foot in the door” to obtain more detailed information about the particular stressors that the person has experienced. The limitations of subjective measure of combat stressors are discussed.

In This study, In order to standardize Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (J.E.P.Q.) for male and female high school students of Hamedan Province, a sample, including 1333 persons, was selected randomly. They answered J.E.P.Q. under the same conditions. The measures taken for this purpose turned in good results. The unrelated questions were omitted and the psychometric parameters (Validity, reliability, norm) were tested. The results attested the necessity of this study in Hamedan province, and confirmed the use of regional norms like age and sex, as well as cultural differences in the questionnaire